Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights Essay

Brief History and Introduction of Privacy and Human Rights From Article 21 of the Japan Constitution states, â€Å"Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be violated.† Article 35 states, â€Å"The right of all persons to be secure in their homes, papers and effects against entries, searches and seizures shall not be impaired except upon warrant issued for adequate cause and particularly describing the place to be searched and things to be seized . . . Each search or seizure shall be made upon separate warrant issued by a competent judicial officer.†1 A 1988 Act for the Protection of Computer Processed Personal Data Held by Administrative Organs governs the use of personal information in computerized files held by government agencies. It imposes duties of security, access, and correction. Agencies must limit their collection to relevant information and publish a public notice listing their file systems. The Japanese government has followed a policy of self-regulation for the private sector, especially relating to electronic commerce. Essentially, there were no set privacy laws other than the general issues stated in the constitution, but when needed the Japanese government will intervene and regulate. In June of 1998, former Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto announced that he had signed an agreement with U.S. President Clinton for self-regulation for privacy measures on the Internet except for certain sensitive data. â€Å"If data in a certain industry is highly confidential, legal methods can be considered for that industry.†2 Several committees have been ... ...s not safe. We need to take more time.†4 References 1 Constitution of Japan, November 3, 1946. 2 U.S. Japan Joint Statement on Electronic Commerce, May 15, 1998. 3 Japan: More Crime, Less Privacy, 2 Jun 1999, 4 James Brooke, Japan in an Uproar as 'Big Brother' Computer File Kicks In, 5 Aug. 2002, 5 Lies and Secrets: Japan's National ID Network Has Gone Live Already, 31 Jul. 2002, 6 Japan ID System Raises Big Brother Fears, 5 Aug. 2002,

HR Affirmative Action Essay

Human Resource Management is one of the most important parts of an organization. This is due to the fact that it gives due attention to an essential asset in an organization, which is its employees. Due to this, the human resource management has the responsibility of hiring, organizing, motivating, and dealing with other employee-management concern. In relation to these, the concept of affirmative action is also one of the issues that the human resource management has to deal with. It is within their prerogative and authority to implement the policy of affirmative action in the operations of their organization. This could be exemplified through this recent article that discuses the idea of affirmative action in the workplace. This article explains the decision of the Supreme Court with regards to the case of Ricci, et al v. DeStefano that is related with the implementation of affirmative action. The lawsuit is against the city of New Haven, Connecticut that was filed by 18 White firefighters that also belong in the same place. They argued that the municipality discriminated against them when it comes to their promotions, which violated their constitutional rights. In connection to this, they also claimed that they were denied the promotion because they were White. The main root of the case is the New Haven’s 2003 promotion exam that was held in order to help in selecting 15 firefighters that would occupy the positions of captain and lieutenant in the fire department. 118 candidates took the exam and 27 of them are African Americans. The results of the test showed that no African American scored high enough in order to qualify for the position. Being the case, the city did not promote anyone and they defended this decision through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed racial segregation (Krenkel, 2009). The case of alleging reverse discrimination that was filed against the city of New Haven, Connecticut was ruled by the federal district court in favor of the city. An appeal was made regarding this case, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals decision affirmed the district court’s ruling but they added an opinion that required the review of the United States Supreme Court. Currently, the case has reached the Supreme Court and the trial is still undergoing (Whelan, 2009). The issue in this case is with regards to the authority of the municipalities on whether they could decline to certify the results of promotion exams in order not to disproportionately make more white applicants eligible for promotion in comparison with the minority applicants. This issue could be rooted from the reason that the authorities that are involved in this case are afraid that certifying the results of the examination for the promotion of more white applicants would be taken against them that could lead to charges of racial discrimination. In this situation, it is quite observable that the implementation of affirmative action has become complicated and problematic. It even led to a court battle that reached the Supreme Court. This only goes to show that applying the principle of affirmative action in the workplace is not appropriate anymore because favoring minority group sometimes infringed upon the rights of those that belong to the majority. In relation to these, the idea of affirmative action could also be seen as inequality because it tends to favor the minority. This could be seen in this case wherein the examination for the promotion of firefighters was disregarded because of the fact that no African American pass the exam. Despite the notion that the city could disregard the exam as it did not yield the result that they wanted, it still affected the White firefighters who were also availing for promotion. Their efforts for preparing and passing the exam was taken for granted. This kind of situation could de-motivate the other employees especially those that belong in the majority group. Organizations could still be able to maintain equality and prevent discrimination in the workplace by applying the proper standards and measures for this not to happen. However, in terms of admission and promotion they should not favor a certain group over the other especially if they are sure that the proper procedure like a promotion exam has done its job to choose the best people for the position. By doing so, they could still be able to address the concern and at the same give importance to all stakeholders that are involve.

Essay on John D. Rockefeller - 1369 Words

Jessica M. Hintermeister American History Louisa Garry Due: Thursday, March 15, 2001 The Rockefellers feared the temptations of wealth, yet a visitor once described their estate as the kind of place God would have built if only hed had the money. They amassed a fortune that outraged a Democratic nation, then gave it all away reshaping America. They were the closest thing the country had to a royal family, but the Rockefellers shunned the public eye. For decades, the Rockefeller name was despised in America, associated with John D. Rockefeller Sr.s feared monopoly, Standard Oil. By the end of his life, Rockefeller had given away half of his fortune. But even his vast philanthropy could not erase the memory of his predatory†¦show more content†¦Oil was being used to grease the wheels of Americas infant industries, to fuel the expansion of growth. Rockefeller lamented that so many wells were flowing that the price of oil kept falling yet everyone went right on drilling. He saw an industry plagued from overproduction and h is own success was being threatened by ruinness cut throat competition. John D. was shrewd enough and he was analytical enough that he realized that in order to figure out a way to save his own firm and his own newly-won fortune, that he had to figure out a solution for the entire industry. It was at that point that John D. began to conceive of the oil industry as one big interrelated mechanism. And you couldnt just change one component, you had to control the entire machine. In a move that would transform the American economy, Rockefeller set out to replace a world of independent oilmen with a giant company controlled by him. In l870, begging bankers for more loans, he formed Standard Oil of Ohio. The next year, he quietly put what he called our plan -- his campaign to dominate the volatile oil industry - into devastating effect. Rockefeller knew that the refiner with the lowest transportation cost could bring rivals to their knees. He entered into a secret alliance with the railroads called the South Improvement Company. In exchange for large, regular shipments, Rockefeller and his allies secured transport rates farShow MoreRelatedJohn D. Rockefeller1671 Words   |  7 PagesJohn D. Rockefeller, born on July 8, 1839, has had a huge impact on the course of American history, his reputation spans from being a ruthless businessperson to a thoughtful philanthropist (Tarbell 41). He came from a family with not much and lived the American dream, rising to suc cess through his own wit and cunning, riding on the backs of none. His legacy is huge, amassing the greatest private wealth of any American in history. Rockefeller’s influence on our country has been both a positive andRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller1369 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction John D. Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839, and has had a huge impact on the course of American history. His reputation spans from being a ruthlessly powerful businessman to an intelligent philanthropist. He came from a family with not much and lived the American dream, rising to success with his own genius, all by himself. His legacy is unforgettable, gaining the greatest wealth of anyone in history. Rockefeller’s influence on America has been both a positive and a negative one.Read MoreJohn D. Rockefeller Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pageseconomy has been growing ever since it began. Credit for its strength and progress in development can be attributed to the financial geniuses of their time. John D. Rockefeller became an economical giant during his time when he changed the face of business by developing ground-breaking new strategies to ensure financial success. Rockefeller dramatically changed the business field during The Gilded Age. He did so through the use of his soci al Darwinistic philosophy of capitalism, inclusion of verticalRead MoreThe Legacy Of John D. Rockefeller1576 Words   |  7 Pageswere these people called the titans. John D. Rockefeller was considered one of the titans. Rockefeller wanted to be the richest man in America, however, he was the first billionaire in America (Independence Hall Association, 2015). He was born in Richford, New York in 1839. Rockefeller was the second child and he had five other siblings which were William Rockefeller, Frank Rockefeller, Lucy Rockefeller Briggs, Francis Rockefeller, and Mary Ann Rockefeller (Famous people,2015). He married LauraRead More John D. Rockefeller Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Rockefellers feared the temptations of wealth, yet a visitor once described their estate as the kind of place God would have built if only he’d had the money. They amassed a fortune that outraged a Democratic nation, then gave it all away reshaping America. They were the closest thing the country had to a royal family, but the Rockefellers shunned the public eye. For decades, the Rockefeller name was despised in America, associated with John D. Rockefeller Sr.’s feared monopoly, StandardRead MoreThe Legacy Of John D. Rockefeller Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Davison Rockefeller One of the most influential men in shaping America, one of the most brilliant men to walk this Earth, one of the most resilient and cut-throat entrepreneurs of time is John D. Rockefeller. There are a few things that make this man have a few of these qualities. The biggest and most important reasons is he is one of the very few men who literally made America and its reality what it is today. There are lots of men who made big moves to push America in this direction, but Rockefeller’sRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller, Sr.2537 Words   |  11 Pages$340 billion. This amount, according to Forbes’s website, is John D. Rockefeller, Sr.’s net wealth in today’s dollars. Mr. Rockefeller built his fortune through the oil industry. He founded the Standard Oil Company, which owned about 90% of American refineries and pipelines. Although John D. Rockefeller, Sr. is arguably the richest man in United States history, he was also a deeply despised man. According to PBSâ€⠄¢s video on the Rockefellers, he kept a revolver near his bedside because of death and kidnappingRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller : Principles Of Management1304 Words   |  6 PagesNortheastern State University John D. Rockefeller Annaz Sprinkle Principles of Management 3183 Bruce Richardson November 5, 2016 Annaz Sprinkle Bruce Richardson MGMT 3183 November 5, 2016 John D. Rockefeller Playing a game of kickball in the street was not the only excitement young children had. Many young children often contemplated what they would become in their adult life. They aspired to be a fireman, astronaut, doctor, lawyer and even a wealthy businessman. Some children eventuallyRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller And Commodore Vanderbilt Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Exam John D. Rockefeller and Commodore Vanderbilt were both powerful businessmen of their time. They both dominated the markets that they were in, and they brought innovation and efficiency to their trades. Both entrepreneurs used hard work to break into their markets and become some of the most successful businessmen of history. These men both made such a large impact on their industries, without their contribution those industries would not be what they are today. John D. Rockefeller dominatedRead MoreJohn D. Rockefeller And The Gilded Age1697 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness in 1870, John D. Rockefeller created the Standard Oil Company, which later dominated the entire oil industry. Although he had years filled with success in the business, Rockefeller faced a disastrous court case that dissolved his company and years of his hard work. Despite this catastrophic event, Rockefeller found other ways to contribute his knowledge and hard-work by making innumerable philanthropic donations. After many years and countless efforts, John D. Rockefeller had one of the most

The At The Charlotte Fine Art Gallery - 878 Words

Today started out like any other day. I had been working at the Charlotte Fine Art Gallery for over 6 months now. Before my College Graduation I had worked for the Fine Art Gallery as an Internship the previous summer when they asked me to consider a full time curator position upon graduation. Debra Collin, owner, of the prestigious gallery wanted a fresh new eye for up and coming artists locally and nationally. She was a tough, sophisticated North Carolina socialite who had a passion for art but a stronger desire to control those around her. She sported short, cropped, black hair, pale porcelain well maintained skin and every day she wore a new couture black dress. Debra walked with a confidant and cool demeanor. Her reputation for demanding perfection and deeply over critical nature preceded her. However, when the curator position was presented to me, she assured me my creative eye and instinct for finding new raw talent with innovative techniques would not be hindered. Debr a would allow me full creative control. I was thrilled at this prestigious opportunity and couldn’t wait for Graduation. Flash forward to the day several months later that would open my eyes to the reality that what people say and what they actually mean are two entirely different things. Just because I had been offered a certain position did not necessarily mean, I would actually be allowed to do my job without some complications along the way. My role required that I find a fresh,Show MoreRelatedThe Square Room Of The Public, Private, Secret Exhibition1110 Words   |  5 Pagesleave, Public, Private, Secret serves to affirm your own existence within our world of art and culture. At first glance of the downstairs exhibition space, one can easily become very overwhelmed. The art appears extremely cluttered, with no easily deciphered pattern- it all seems random. Traditional black and white images flow between tv monitors and pop culture icons, seemingly unrelated. Going from fine art photography to popular culture video, the viewer is pushed and pulled from past to presentRead MoreTourism Regions Of British Columbia1106 Words   |  5 Pagesbeaches, making it a perfect place to watch wildlife. Essentially acting as one giant parkland, tourists can enjoy a combination of diverse wildlife and natural environments. The surrounding Gulf Islands contain some more populated areas, where a vibrant arts and crafts culture can also be enjoyed. 3. Cariboo Chilcotin Coast This widespread, coastal area is vast and sparsely populated, acting as a unique wilderness for tourists to experience. Tourists can enjoy guest ranches, traverse the many trailsRead MoreJulie Heffernan Self Portrait as Wunderkabinett Essay971 Words   |  4 Pages | Julie Heffernan Self portrait as Wunderkabinett | | | 7/2/2013 | Museum Visit Assignment | | | Julie Heffernan Self portrait as Wunderkabinett Museum visit assignment The Mint Museum in Charlotte, NC is a timeless building and a work of art itself. The building was designed with a contemporary style and is an outward expression of its artistic, belongings inside. I visited the Museum on Tuesday, July 02, 2013, at around 2 in the afternoon. I was within the museum for about 2  ½ hoursRead MoreGo to The Caribbean1203 Words   |  5 Pagesleg; there are plenty of modestly-priced cafes and casual, inexpensive dining spots around the islands. When youre traveling between St. Thomas and St. John, chances are youll take one of the public ferries that run on a regular schedule between Charlotte Amalie and St. John or between Red Hook and St. John. The only exceptions would be if youre staying at one of the resorts on St. John that provide their own private ferry service to and from St. Thomas. Bahamas The Bahamas has a pleasantRead MoreEssay about Existentialism2347 Words   |  10 Pagesand the demands that they make on the individual, who is seen as a free agent in a deterministic and seemingly meaningless universe† (â€Å"Existentialism†). Existentialism is a difficult philosophy to grasp, but by exploring examples in literature and art, one can come to a better understanding of its basic tenets. The first tenet of existentialism is individualism and alienation, which is revealed in the works The Metamorphosis, â€Å"A Hunger Artist,† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Each person is an individual;Read MoreCharles Le Brun s Influence On The Palace Of Versailles2671 Words   |  11 PagesCharles Le Brun’s influence on the Palace of Versailles Charlotte Barnett Prof. Dairus Spieth ARTH 4401 November 3, 2014 Charles Le Brun’s Influence on the Palace of Versailles Charles Le Brun, a renowned 17th century artist-politician lived between 1619 and 1690. He gained prominence through his impeccable paintings, coupled with his mastery of creation in the architecture of gardens, buildings, and in sculptures. Le Brun drew his inspiration from Michelangelo, which expanded his horizonsRead MorePainting Analysis in Jane Eyre3436 Words   |  14 PagesDrawing a Breath of Fresh Eyre From the opening chapter of Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre the reader becomes aware of the powerful role that art plays. There is something extraordinary about the pictures Jane admires from other artists, as well as the work she creates herself. Her solitary pastime often operates as an outlet of pain, either past or present, and offers her the opportunity to deal with unpleasant emotions and memories. Jane’s art transcends her isolation by bringing her into contact withRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 PagesINTRODUCTION The present course- paper is devoted to the comprehensive study of stylistic device – the epithet in the literary work â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Charlotte Bronte. The topicality of chosen by us theme lies in the fact that a human being perceives the reality by means of various images. These images exist everywhere: in art, in nature, in thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieveRead MoreWomen, Hair, And Cancer10628 Words   |  43 PagesCity main characters Sex and the City, created by Darren Star, was an HBO production that first aired in 1998 and ended in 2004. The four main characters are Carrie Bradshaw, played by Sarah Jessica Parker, Samantha Jones, played by Kim Cattrall, Charlotte York, played by Kristin Davis, and Miranda Hobbes, played by Cynthia Nixon. The show was mostly popular among women viewers aged 18 to 49. It was so popular that the final episode garnered 10.6 million viewers, with stronger ratings among the 18Read MoreDesigning a Customer Driven Statergy23698 Words   |  95 Pagesfact, it doesn’t want to be. It targets a very different kind of customer with a very different value proposition. Grab yourself some coffee and read on. L ast year, Dunkin’ Donuts paid dozens of faithful customers in Phoenix, Chicago, and Charlotte, North Carolina, $100 a week to buy coffee at Starbucks instead. At the same time, the no-frills coffee chain paid Starbucks customers to make the opposite switch. When it later debriefed the two groups, Dunkin’ says it found them so polarized that

Psychology Theories Of Personality - 780 Words

Phillip Easley Psychology 4130: Theories of Personality October 15, 2015 Arthur D. Kemp, Ph.D., M.S. Associate Professor of Psychology Science Albert Ellis Albert Ellis was a known as a 20th century psychologist who developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. â€Å"Ellis was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the 1913† (â€Å"Albert Ellis (1913-2007),† 2015). He was also known to have a distant relationship with parents. Ellis attended the City College of Downtown New York obtaining a bachelor’s degree in business (Cherry, 2015a). Ellis earned both his M.A. degree and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology at Columbia University. He was the oldest of three therefore found himself in a position of taking care of his younger siblings†¦show more content†¦Ellis was also known as one of the founding individuals of the American sexual revolution and atheism. Earlier in his career he was also known as a sexologist. One of his most famous publications was â€Å"Sex Without Guilt†. His books led to many heated debates between religious therapist and peers (â€Å"Albert Ellis (1913-2007),† 2015). During this time Ellis stated his own personal beliefs about homosexuality. He â€Å"emphasized his that it was neither good nor bad and that homosexual feelings and behaviors are resistant to change, even through therapy† (â€Å"Albert Ellis (1913-2007),† 2015). The ABC Model One thing that Ellis is known for is the development of the ABC model. He suggested that individuals may blame external events for their particular unhappiness. Cherry (2015b) states that Ellis argued that it is ones interpretations of these events that truly lies at the heart of our psychological distress. In the ABC model the each letter has its own abbreviation. â€Å"A† was label as activating events; â€Å"B† was labeled as beliefs; and â€Å"C† was labeled as consequences. Activating events are said to be somethings that happens in the particular environment around an individual (Cherry, 2015b). Beliefs was something you hold a belief about such as a certain event or situation. While consequence were when one has an emotional response to your belief. Ellis’s ABC method has been very beneficial in today’s

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission free essay sample

In Australia, there is an organization that deals with every aspect of the trading industry. It is the Australian Competition and Consumers Commission or ACCC. It is an independent authority of the Commonwealth that controls the Trade Practices Act (TPA) 1974. They are the only group who impose on the said amendment. Their main agenda is to promote competition among different business groups and establish a fair and proper marketing for the benefit of all Australian. Competition is necessary because if this is present, opposing companies will be working hard to make sure that their products or services is better than other. They exist to protect not just the business world, but the consumers as well. They provide helpful information to the customers, for them to be aware of their rights and their responsibilities, especially those in rural areas and indigenous communities. The officers of this body were appointed by the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian Competition and Consumer Commission or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This commission has different centers all over the country for an easy access of the public regarding questions and complains. They are independent, but they also collaborate with some agencies of the government, to better serve the country. One example is the Australia Energy Regulator. This is a constituent of the ACCC but they have different entities. Trade Practices Act Their main focus revolves around the TPA. TPA is all about the issue of market: the producers, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers and their relationship with each other. Aside from that, they also observe the various industry codes such as the product safety; proper labeling including manufacturing and expiration date; the prices, if they meet the standard of the pricing code; and some more industry regulations. Telecommunications The part XIC of the Trade Practices Act 1997 is about the telecommunication industry. They keep an eye on the price of accessing it. It can be in the form of telephone, mobile services and even internet. There are lots of companies that allow you to call your loved ones using the computer and an internet connection, even if they are miles away from you. New innovations for communications are discovered and made and one of these is the Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP. This is a technology that allows the user to conduct an online conversation using the internet, instead of the regular landlines. You can use this to call either a computer or a telephone. This happens because when you speak to the microphone, the VoIP converts the voice into digital signal that goes around the internet. Since this is part of the TPA, the ACCC has a role in the implementation and distribution of this to the whole Australia. VoIP over WLAN (VoWLAN) The ACCC gives emphasis to the quality of service provided by the different companies, especially in the field of communication. Part of their role of ACCC is their management of the online world. They have to check the prices and the people involve in this kind of business. VoIP has been upgraded to become the VoWLAN or VoIP over WLAN. WLAN or Wireless Local Area Network is the connection of different computers without the use of wire. The VoWLAN is basically an extension of VoIP. This works in two ways. First, the VoWLAN service provides transmits the calls from the phone to the WLAN, then to VoIP gateway, just like the regular VoIP, but this time, its wireless network. The other way is through placing a call outside the establishments outside the internet. This means that if you go to an enterprise that has WLAN, then you can make a call using your PDA or laptop, which will cost you nothing. Because of this, they have so much interest with the expansion of communication in the country. They believe the advantage of this innovation over the usual means of communications. They are interested in the fact that when the VoWLAN becomes successful in the market, competition among computing architectures will be greater, and the standard for this kind of industry will be higher. And if the standards are higher, expansion of different business groups will follow, contributing to the growth of market. In business, being able to reach and be reached by your colleagues is very important, and VoWLAN can help, without the hassle of poor reception or monthly charges. In retailing, the employees or the workers can now respond to the inquiries of the customer without the use of telephone, which results to a better trading business. This clearly helps the ACCC in achieving their goal. We are in the modern technology so we should not be surprise to the amazing discoveries and inventions that are made. Let us be open to the new reality. If we open our eyes to all the changes, we might see the things that can help us. REFERENCES ARN (2007). Voice over wireless LAN: Ready or not?[online]. Available from: http://www.arnnet.com.au/index.php/id;1550719237;fp;2;fpid;1531207929 [Accessed 10 August 2007]. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2005). Available from: http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/3744 [Accessed 10 August 2007] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2005). Telecommunications access dispute[online]. Available from: http://www.accc.gov.au/content/index.phtml/itemId/770411 [Accessed 10 August 2007].

Nas †“Illmatic” free essay sample

Nasir Jones, known as Nas, is one of the greatest emcees of all time. His albums are considered classics by many hip-hop critics. This political artist uses his knowledge of the world to incorporate intelligent lyrics in his work. Nas is well respected by other rap artists – and rightfully so. He has blessed listeners with his work for over 10 years. Nas’s most influential album is a gem titled â€Å"Illmatic.† From the production to the beats to the lyricism, everything is well constructed and polished. The best song in my opinion is â€Å"NY State of Mind.† It’s filled with metaphors and similes along with a beat that gives a backbone to the track. â€Å"Illmatic,† without a doubt, is one the greatest hip-hop albums of all time. Nas’s style is considered East Coast rap since he hails from New York. His lyrics are  ­influenced by his life experiences, and each track tells a story. We will write a custom essay sample on Nas – â€Å"Illmatic† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Illmatic† displays Nas’s struggles, high points, and all the in-betweens. â€Å"Illmatic† was released in 1994. Nas’s album is astonishing for an artist’s debut. For 14 years, he hasn’t managed to top it. Neither has any other emcee. Not to mention, the New York native was just 19 when this  ­album was  ­released. This album is unquestionably a classic that every hip-hop fan should have. Honestly, there are no downfalls in this album. Everything about it is as close to perfect as you can get. I would rate it a 9.9. The only reason it doesn’t get a 10 is I believe nothing in the world is perfect.